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Colles�� (forearm) fractures are more common in younger postmenopausal women while hip fractures peak in the seventh to eighth decade of life.[2] Most vertebral fractures are asymptomatic. However, they can cause back pain, height loss and kyphosis. Vertebral deformities may result in decreased lung capacity, impaired balance and gastrointestinal symptoms.[2] The consequences of a hip fracture are often debilitating. It is estimated Baf-A1 chemical structure that 50% of patients with a hip fracture will no longer be able to live independently and 20% will die in the year following the fracture.[1] Therefore, various organisations have recommended screening strategies to identify those at high risk of osteoporotic fractures.[1, 3-5] Risk factor assessments and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements can identify patients at risk of osteoporotic fractures. A decrease in bone density click here is associated with an increased risk of fractures. In general, bone mass increases during childhood and adolescence to reach a peak level by the third decade of life. Subsequently, a steady rate of decline is noted with age in both sexes. In women, the decline of estrogen at menopause leads to increased bone resorption and a rapid decline in bone density in the early postmenopausal years.[6, 7] Furthermore, certain lifestyle factors, medical conditions and medications can also impact peak Resminostat bone mass, rate of bone loss and fracture risk. Since pharmacological treatments can substantially reduce fracture rates, identifying high-risk individuals is the cornerstone of osteoporosis management. The presence of one or more risk factors increases the risk of osteoporosis (Box?1). Modification of these factors can reduce fracture rates. Therefore, osteoporosis risk assessment is recommended in all postmenopausal women. Bone density screening can identify individuals at risk for osteoporotic fractures. Independent of bone density, risk factors for an osteoporosis-related fracture include: age, female gender, current smoking, high alcohol intake (>3 units/day), history of hip fracture in a parent, prior fragility fracture, low body mass index, rheumatoid arthritis and use of glucocorticoids (prednisolone?>5?mg for more than 3?months).[8] General Female gender, older age, Caucasian race Fractures Previous fragility fracture Family history Heredity is the greatest influence on peak bone mass: history of fracture in a first-degree relative can double fracture risk Body habitus Low weight (commonly approximated as?