The Beneficial, The Bad As well as DZNeP

All effects were not significant (all p values > 0.05). These results showed that the main findings likely were not due to confound of these other factors and that the responses of the children were typical for the preschool age range. ERP Data Mean Amplitude Differences by Bins Bin parsing of continuous ERP data (see ��ERP data processing�� section) permitted to compare absolute amplitude differences between concrete and abstract conditions in spatial location and temporal interval. This approach also permitted to examine the extent of selectivity of the early and late ERP activity, and to examine effects specific to the tasks common to both concrete and abstract conditions, against background random effects unrelated to the tasks. In other words, this particular analysis had the goal to show the significant ��abstract-concrete wave differentials�� (something akin to a ��microvolt measuring stick��) across the ERP epochs, as well as the corresponding polarity direction effects (see Figure ?Figure2A2A). Thus, across the entire ERP epoch, the first analysis involved determining the minimum significant microvolt difference for either: (1) the absolute differences between the average waveform data points in case of iso-polarity effects (see subpanel 1 in Figure ?Figure2A2A), or (2) the absolute distances between the average waveform data points in case of reverse-polarity effects (see subpanel 2 in Figure ?Figure2A2A). Specifically, focused ANOVA contrasts between the paired binned mean amplitudes were conducted so that the minimum significant standardized absolute difference was derived using the following formula (as in Rosenthal et al., 1999): Abs??amp??diff��V=|MERP��i|=tcrit?(MSEwithin?(��ni?��i2)) Where, for each bin interval i, MERPi indicates the predicted mean difference between pairs of same time-interval bin microvolt values, ��i represented the contrast weights, tcrit represented the t-value corresponding to the p-value in the two-tailed Student��s t Selleckchem DZNeP Probability Density Function, determining the critical significance threshold at 0.025 [tcrit(12) = 2.56, two-tailed], after the critical p-value was corrected for multiple comparisons using the Simes�CBonferroni procedure (Simes, 1986). The MSEwithin represents the error factor entered in the focused t-contrasts across all comparisons (this was the largest and most conservative Within-Subjects Mean Square Error at the highest-level, three-way, interaction, Domain general �� Domain specific �� Condition, derived from the linear contrasts (WVT-V: MSE = 0.85; WVT-A: MSE = 0.77) that takes into account the largest possible variance of the baseline mean across the entire ERP epoch following the general recommendations by Rosenthal et al. (1999).