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Using overlapping peptides, 10 and 11 major human T cell epitopes have been identified in Cha o 1 and Cha o 2, respectively [6, 21]. In comparison with the T cell epitopes in Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, as the major allergens in Japanese cedar pollen, both common and unique T cell epitopes in the cypress allergens have been characterized. For example, four T cell epitopes Cilengitide in Cha o 1 do not cross-react with the corresponding epitopes in Cry j 1 [6]. We focused on the cellular responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to a crude antigen extract of Japanese cypress pollen [22]. PBMCs from healthy controls did not produce IL-5 in response to the cypress crude antigen extract. On the contrary, PBMCs from 88.5% of JCCP patients produced IL-5 in response to the antigen extract (P?Palbociclib cost of the healthy controls (P?=?0.080). PBMCs from 57.7% of the JCCP patients produced interferon (IFN)-�� in response to the antigen extract, compared with PBMCs from 37.5% of healthy controls (P?=?0.276). These findings suggest that the induction of antigen-specific Th2 cytokine production, especially IL-5, is closely associated with the onset of Japanese cypress pollinosis. The IL-31 is a newly discovered cytokine that belongs to the Th2 cytokine family [23]. IL-31 is mainly produced by CD4+ T cells, particularly Th2 cells and skin-homing CD45RO+ cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen-positive cells [24, 25]. Therefore, the roles of IL-31 in allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma have been examined [23-25]. PBMCs from healthy controls did not produce IL-31 in response to the cypress crude antigen extract. However, the JCCP patients group included both positive and negative responders in terms of IL-31 production (Fig.?4a). The amount of the cypress crude antigen extract-induced Everolimus purchase IL-31 production was significantly and positively correlated with the production of IL-5 (��?=?0.754, P?