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As participants were bilinguals of Catalan and Spanish, and they had some knowledge of English, the OS between the novel Basque words and their translations in Catalan and English were also considered. Additionally, the OS between Catalan and Spanish was taken into account to MAO guarantee an equal distribution across conditions of cognates between these two languages. Finally, in order to discard differences in the difficulty of the Basque words across the different experimental conditions, we obtained the Spanish frequency of the bigrams in the Basque words from B-Pal. Table 1 Mean of the lexical characteristics of the experimental stimuli (standard deviation in parentheses). We conducted a 2 (concreteness) �� 3 (emotional content) ANOVA on the above mentioned variables. The analysis revealed, as expected, a significant effect of concreteness on words�� concreteness, F(1,42) = 290.80, MSE = 0.24, p M = 3.23 for concreteness and imageability, respectively). There was also a significant effect of emotional content on both valence, F(2,42) = 613.03, MSE = 0.20, p between the valence of emotional words and the average valence value of neutral words), t(30) = 0.93, p = 0.36. With respect to arousal, both positive (M = 6.50) and negative words (M = 6.74) were more arousing than neutral words (M = 4.04, p