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For cell-agarose samples, similar parameters were used but with a 1?mm slice oriented along the NMR tube using a matrix of 190?��?100 and field of view 1.9?��?2.0?cm with bandwidth 75?kHz. For T2*-weighted images, a 2D gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequence with eight TEs between 3.5 and 25?ms (TR 5000?ms) was acquired. In addition, a high-resolution, 3D GRE scan was acquired with TE 7.5?ms and TR 150?ms at an isotropic resolution of 50??m. All samples were run at 20?��C. Magnitude images were analyzed using regions of interest (ROIs) drawn to cover each solution sample or cell layer. The average ROI signal intensities were fitted by non-linear regression using a Levenburg-Marquadt algorithm in SigmaPlot 7.101 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). For R2 values, a three-parameter exponential decay function was employed while a three-parameter exponential growth was used for Ozagrel R1. All regressions are fitted with a noise baseline to account for the rectified noise of magnitude images.?T1 and T2 maps were ZVADFMK generated in ParaVision 5.1 (Bruker Corp, Billerica, MA, USA). 3D GRE scans of the cell-agarose samples also were used to measure signal intensity in each respective cell layer. The mean signal was used to calculate signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) and percentage contrast according to Equations (1)�C(3), where Si is the mean signal from respective cell-agarose layer, SAgarose is the average signal from an ROI in between cell layers, and SNoise and ��Noise are the average signal and the standard deviation from a noise ROI, respectively. (1) Concentrations of intracellular Gd and Dy were determined with a high-resolution Galunisertib inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS; Thermo Scientific ELEMENT 2, Waltham, MA, USA). Cell samples were dissolved in 50??l of concentrated nitric acid and 50??l of concentrated perchloric acid, dried at 150?��C and then re-dissolved twice, once in 0.5?ml of 7?m HNO3 followed by drying at 120?��C and once in 1?ml of 2% HNO3 followed by ultrasonication, centrifugation and dilution by a factor of 40. Samples were run at low resolution. 157Gd, 158Gd, 162Dy and 164Dy masses were measured, and the isotope ratio was used to guard against interferences. Mixed Gd3+ and Dy3+ solutions (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0?ppb were used as standards and drift monitors. Data acquisition was bracketed by blank and standard measurements after every six samples, and all data were blank corrected. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19.0 (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). A one-way ANOVA statistical analysis was used to evaluate relaxation, and a least squared difference post-hoc test was used to determine significance. Data was determined to be statistically significant at p?