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Aulacoseira species were predominantly observed in chains in girdle view. All measurements reported are for single valves. Surface area (SA) and volume (V) of Aulacoseira valves were calculated from the major (an estimate of the diameter of the valve when the species is in girdle view) and minor (an estimate of the height of the valve in girdle view) axes assuming a cylindrical shape with the unobserved third dimension equal to the major axis. For the Aulacoseira species and varieties, area (A) is compared to: the area estimated from the product of the major and minor axes (AM), the estimate of valve surface Ivacaftor order area (SA), and the volume enclosed by the valve (V). Imatinib supplier We used an analysis of variance to test for changes in the log10 size of the whole diatom community (A) as well as the individual populations of small centrics (including the small Cyclotella spp.) and Aulacoseira species and varieties (A, AM, SA, V) over depth (time). To determine if the area of these populations changed between the surface sediment compared with all measurements below the surface we used a t-test. We tested for a linear relationship between log10 size of the whole diatom community (A) and their changes over time with a regional dendrochronological temperature record and its change over time (Szeicz & MacDonald, 1995) using ordinary least squares regression. We computed an average temperature for each layer sampled in the sediment core. All statistical tests were conducted with the statistical package R version 2.15 (R Development Core Team, 2013). We analyzed the relative contribution of changes in the proportion of the major taxa (species shifts) and changes in the mean size of the major taxa (population cell size shifts) to the change in the average log size of diatom valves in the whole community (log10A) over time. For this analysis we computed the change in community log area per year (��log10A) between samples at each depth. We partitioned the community log10A into the sum of the mean log area, Ai, of the three major taxonomic groups that make up the diatom community (small centric species Oxymatrine other species) weighted by their relative abundance in the community, Pi, so that log10A = ��PiAi. Then we compute the contribution to the temporal change in community log10A due to changes in either log area (mean valve size) or relative abundance of each species group using the product rule, ��log10A = ����PiAi + Pi��Ai + ��Pi��Ai, and split the last term (��Pi��Ai) equally between the change due to changes in proportion (��PiAi + ��Pi��Ai/2) and the change in log10 valve area (Pi��Ai + ��Pi��Ai/2) for each species group.