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There was perfect agreement between the information gathered by the collectors and the auditor��s samples. A patient was considered to have received analgesia if an analgesic drug was administered in the ED or prescribed at discharge. The list of medications considered analgesia, those considered an opiate, and several drugs that notably were not considered analgesia, is presented below (Table 1). Table 1 Non-opiate analgesia, opiate analgesia, and notable non-analgesia medications. Outcomes The primary objective was to compare the proportion of African-Americans who received analgesia (and if so, those who received an opiate) to Caucasians, for each diagnosis. A secondary analysis measured the modifying effect of patient and/or physician characteristics on the administration of analgesia. The following attributes selleck of the attending physician who was responsible for the patient��s care were examined: gender, congruence by race and gender (i.e., patient and physician had the same race or same gender), completion of an EM residency. Analysis We used a Pearson��s chi-squared test to compare baseline demographic characteristics between Caucasians and African-Americans, the proportion of patients receiving any type of analgesia by race, and the proportion of patients who received an opiate by race among patients who had received some form of analgesia. A multiple logistic regression model was created to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with opiate administration for the click here only diagnosis in which a racial disparity was observed. First, we employed Pentamorphone a univariate analysis to estimate the odds ratios for each variable independently. The construction of a multiple logistic regression model then followed a two-step process in which we assessed statistically significant variables for inclusion in a final model based on how their inclusion affected the odds ratio for Caucasians with back pain to receive an opiate, as compared to African-Americans. Variables with no significant impact were excluded. In this way, the final multiple logistic regression model represents the most parsimonious model for estimating the effect of race on opiate administration, adjusting for likely confounders. In addition, physician level differences in opiate prescribing for Caucasians and African-Americans were calculated for those who treated at least 25 patients during the study period. We ranked physicians according to opiate-prescribing differences to illustrate the range of prescribing practice, but we made no adjustments for any patient-level attributes, such as acuity. Reporting of this descriptive analysis was limited to the diagnosis group(s) for which disparities were found. We performed all statistical tests using SPSS version 18.0 (Chicago, IL) with the assistance of an independent statistical consultant. Statistical significance was defined using a two-tailed test with an alpha level of p