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Health behaviors may be intermediates of the relationship between stress and atopic disorders, but they may also affect the stress level at baseline. Thus, we adjusted for tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and body mass index in a separate model. Secondly, we evaluated the association between stress and first-time asthma hospital admission by means of Cox proportional hazards models. By including age as the time variable, the estimates were soundly adjusted for age. Adjustment for confounding from other covariates was made as described earlier. Initially, all analyses were performed separately for men and women, but as the Quinapyramine associations were similar in men and women, the analyses were combined to gain statistical power. A Wald test was used to test for effect modification by sex. Latent baseline symptoms of atopic disorders may have affected the participants' stress reporting, and we therefore performed additional analyses where we excluded individuals with a hospital admission for asthma within the first 2?years after baseline. Asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) may be hard to distinguish, and in order to address this concern, we performed several sensitivity analyses: (i) We excluded all individuals (n?=?463) with COPD at baseline, selleck inhibitor (ii) we addressed the associations in never-smokers, and (iii) we excluded all asthma cases at follow-up, which according to spirometry measures also had COPD (defined as FEV1/FVC?INK-128 are shown in Table?1. During 10?years of follow-up, 252 of the 5648 eligible men and women developed asthma. Of these, 108 were reported by the participant as being cases of allergic asthma. Perceived stress was associated with both total asthma and allergic asthma in a clear exposure-response manner (Ptrend?