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?2). In addition, the ROI was divided into three zones, for which separately the BA% was analyzed: an inner zone (I: 0�C500?��m), a middle zone (M: 500�C1000?��m), and an outer zone (O: 1000�C1500?��m). All measurements were performed for both sides of the implant on three histological sections per implant. First bone-to-implant contact (1st BIC): The 1st BIC was defined as the distance between the implant shoulder (without cover screw) and the most coronal bone-to-implant contact (Fig.?3). All measurements were statistically evaluated using GraphPad Instat version 3.10 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Mean values and standard deviations (SD) were calculated. The method of Kolmogorov and Smirnov was used to confirm that the data were sampled from populations that follow Gaussian distributions. For comparison of data, repeated measurements of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used Isotretinoin with a Tukey's post hoc test. Additionally, unpaired t-tests were performed for each experimental group to determine differences between the two implantation periods (4 and 12?weeks). Differences were considered statistically significant at P?INCB28060 order and HABG coatings a cluster from 800 to 1150/cm attributed to the GDC0068 presence of phosphate peaks. Additionally, the HABG coatings showed a cluster from 550 to 600/cm attributed to the presence of silicate peaks (data not shown). Final roughness of the coated implants ranged from Ra?=?1.5�C2.1?��m (HA?=?2.1?��m; HABGLow?=?2.0?��m; and HABGHigh?=?1.5?��m). Coating thickness varied for coating type: HA?=?0.6?��m; HABGLow?=?2.0?��m; and HABGhigh?=?3.0?��m. For all animals, the healing periods after tooth extraction and implant placement were uneventful. The soft tissues around the implants after 4 and 12?weeks did not show any sign of inflammation or adverse tissue reactions. All 48 implants were retrieved. However, three of the implants (one 4-week HABGLow implant, one 12-week HABGHigh and one 12-week HA) could not be used for evaluation due to implant loosening during histological processing. A histological representation of the three experimental groups (HA, HABGLow, and HABGHigh) after 4 and 12?weeks of healing is shown in Fig.?4. Analysis of the histological sections after 4?weeks revealed an intimate contact between implant and surrounding bone without any intervening layers of fibrous tissue (Fig.?5a) for all experimental groups. In more detail, newly formed bone, as characterized by the formation of trabeculae, could be observed on the implant surfaces (Fig.?5d).