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Acute cocaine exposure induced DNA damage in all brain areas. This effect persisted after repeated administration, except in the hypothalamus, where repeated treatment did not cause increased DNA damage. Sexual hormones exhibited a neuroprotective effect, decreasing cocaine-induced DNA damage in cycling rats in all brain areas. ""Exercising muscle releases interleukin-6 (IL-6), but the mechanisms controlling this process are poorly understood. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that the IL-6 release differs in arm and leg selleck products muscle during whole-body exercise, owing to differences in muscle metabolism. Sixteen subjects (10 men and six women, with body mass index 24 �� 1 kg m?2 and peak oxygen uptake 3.4 �� 0.6 l min?1) performed a 90 min combined arm and leg cycle exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake. The subjects arrived at the laboratory having fasted overnight, and catheters were placed in the femoral artery and vein and in the subclavian vein. During exercise, arterial and venous limb blood was sampled and arm and leg blood flow were measured by thermodilution. Lean limb mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorbtiometry scanning. Before and after exercise, biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis and deltoideus. During exercise, IL-6 release was similar between men and women and higher (P Aldosterone ml min?1 (kg lean limb mass)?1) and fatty acid uptake (26 �� 7 and 47 �� 7 check details ��mol min?1 (kg lean limb mass)?1) were lower, glucose uptake similar (51 �� 12 and 41 �� 8 mmol min?1 (kg lean limb mass)?1) and lactate release higher (82 �� 32 and ?2 �� 12 ��mol min?1 (kg lean limb mass)?1) in arms than legs, respectively, during exercise (P