Young Children, Hard Work And CT99021

Exposure to TBHP induced a 50% decrease in cell viability (Fig. 1). However, pretreatment with 50 and 100 ��g/mL WGE and RBE for 12 h significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that pretreated cells were protected against oxidative injury. Black rice derives its name from its anthocyanin compounds, including cyaniding 3-glucoside and peonidin 3-glucoside, which possess anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities PDGFRB (16). Black rice contains other beneficial components, including polyphenolics, flavonoids, vitamin E, phytic acid, and ��-oryzanol. These antioxidants are present in much higher concentrations in the bran than in the endosperm (17). In this study, the cytoprotective effect of RBE was significantly higher than that of WGE. Fig. 1 Protective effect of black rice extracts on TBHP-induced Selleckchem CT99021 cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Values are mean��SD of at least three separate experiments. Different letters above bars indicate significant differences (by ANOVA and Duncan��s test, ... Effect of black rice extracts on ROS generation and lipid peroxidation To evaluate the cellular oxidative stress generated from TBHP, the intracellular ROS production was measured for 90 min. Cells treated with TBHP showed a significant increase in ROS generation over time compared to untreated controls (Fig. 2). However, pretreatment of HepG2 cells with 50 and 100 ��g/mL of WGE and RBE significantly reduced ROS generation in the presence of TBHP. Remarkably, pretreatment with 100 ��g/mL of RBE significantly reduced ROS generation to near control values. Evaluation PLX4032 chemical structure of ROS levels is a good indicator of oxidative insult to living cells (9). Fig. 2 Effect of black rice extracts on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HepG2 cells. Values are mean�� SD of at least three separate experiments. Intracellular MDA concentration is a direct result of membrane unsaturated fatty acid peroxidation and was used as a marker for TBHP-induced oxidative insult in HepG2 cells. Treatment of HepG2 cells with 1 mM TBHP for 3 h resulted in a significant increase in MDA concentration. However, a 6 h pretreatment with the samples prevented the increase in MDA concentration (Fig. 3). Pretreatment with WGE (100 ��g/mL) and RBE (50 and 100 ��g/mL) completely inhibited lipid peroxidation. Accumulation of lipid peroxides in cell membranes is associated with increased oxidative stress (18). Hou et al. (19) reported that black rice extracts had a protective effect on alcohol-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation in rat liver. Fig. 3 Effect of black rice extracts on TBHP-induced lipid peroxidation. Values are mean��SD of at least three separate experiments. Different letters above bars indicate significant differences (by ANOVA and Duncan��s test, P