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Next, range of motion measurements were taken by two experienced clinicians using clinical standards of gonionmetric measurements with a standard size goniometer. Motions recorded included active shoulder flexion and extension, elbow flexion, extension and carrying angle, wrist flexion and extension, hip extension and ankle dorsiflexion.5 Biomechanical analysis was performed using a Casio Ex��ZR200 camera for gathering video data, and shoulder and wrist angles measured, documented, and analyzed using Genesis motion analysis software (EquineTec, Monroe, GA). Each gymnast was ISRIB allowed time to stretch and warm up with one back handspring performed individually prior to performing the recorded back handspring. Each gymnast was asked to perform one back handspring without wrist guards or braces on a standard 1��inch (depth) eight��panel mat. The gymnast was verbally cued to ��perform one back handspring.�� A single investigator recorded each back handspring and measured shoulder and wrist angles during the point of impact for each back handspring. Impact angles were measured using standard goniometric landmarks. The impact wrist and shoulder angle are defined as the moment in time when a gymnast's hands make contact with the floor and the body absorbs its weight. These measurements were captured simultaneously and were measured using the Genesis software. Each wrist impact angle was measured with the x��axis parallel to the floor and the y�� axis through the center of the wrist following the forearm. (Refer to Figures 1 & 2) All angles Inhibitor Library solubility dmso were measured in the right wrist. Angles that were measured to be less than 90 degrees indicate closer proximity of the fingers to the forearm and a greater (more severe) extension angle at impact. Angles that are measured to be greater than 90 degrees indicate a lesser (less severe) extension angle at impact. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 (Cary, NC). A two��sample t��test was used to assess the relationship between impact wrist angle and wrist pain. Tasisulam Linear regression was used to identify variables associated with impact wrist angle. Variables entered into the initial model included years of participation, use of extension limiting wrist braces, impact shoulder angle, age, and active range of motion including shoulder flexion, shoulder extension, elbow flexion, elbow extension, elbow valgus, wrist flexion, wrist extension, hip extension, and ankle dorsiflexion each measured separately. Backwards elimination and forward selection were used to identify the best model and to determine which variables should remain in the model for analysis (Table 1). The final model was analyzed using linear regression to determine the association between related variables and impact wrist angle. All statistics were analyzed at the 95% level, and p