12 Ritonavir Lies Unveiled

Five days after the last oral treatment, mice were re-challenged with a high IG dose (600?��g) of ST, and the anaphylactic reaction was monitored and scored SCH772984 in vivo as in the first challenge. Histamine levels were evaluated in faecal samples collected during the anaphylactic reaction. For each experimental group (VSL#3- and PBS-treated mice), symptom scores and histamine release were compared with those recorded before probiotic treatment. Therapeutic treatment with VSL#3 significantly (P?Dabrafenib supplier of the anaphylactic response, faecal histamine levels were significantly decreased by the VSL#3 treatment, both in comparison with the PBS-treated group (P?Ritonavir found before treatment, whereas no significant changes were induced in control mice (Fig.?4). Both total and ST-specific IgA were up-regulated in the majority of VSL#3-treated mice, even if statistical significance was not reached in the evaluation of specific IgA, probably due to the use of AU and in-house standard reference in this assay. In a previous study we have identified the jejunum as the site preferentially affected by the oral sensitization with antigen, where it induced the skewing of the response towards a prevalent Th2-like phenotype (27). Therapeutic treatment with VSL#3 down-regulates the allergen-induced Th2 response at the gut level, as indicated by the significant decrease in IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 tissue content when compared with the amount measured in mice treated with PBS after sensitization (Fig.?5A). According to the results of the in vitro studies (Fig.?2C,D), probiotic in vivo modulation induces a shift towards a prevalent Th1/T regulatory response in the jejunum, characterized by increased FOXP3 mRNA expression, increased IL-10 and TGF-�� tissue content (Fig.?5B), increased IL-27 mRNA expression and IFN-�� tissue content (Fig.?5C). IL-17 mRNA expression in the jejunum was significantly increased in allergen sensitized and challenged mice, in comparison with na?ve mice (data not shown), but it was not modulated by the probiotic treatment (Fig.?5C).