19 Erastin Dialogue Guidelines

Despite the delay in knowing the final outcome of the full longevity study, the positive outcomes of the available data merit consideration. For example, CR resulted in a 50% reduction of age-related diseases, when considering cancer and cardiovascular disease [19]. The CR monkeys in the Wisconsin study were also fully protected against the development of obesity and glucose intolerance/type 2 diabetes [19]. 3-deazaneplanocin A datasheet Interestingly, even monkeys that had glucose metabolism impairment prior to initiation of the CR regimen, showed no impairment of glucose homeostasis years later [19]. Sarcopenia, a serious health concern associated with advancing aging, was also partially prevented in CR monkeys. In the Wisconsin study, body weight adjusted skeletal muscle mass declined more rapidly in the control than in the CR Erastin cost group [24]. Finally, CR monkeys showed improved T cell function and preservation of gray matter volume in several subcortical regions, including the caudate, putamen, left insula, and in others key regions related to motor function and aspects of executive function [19]?and?[25]. However, as rhesus monkeys have a maximum life span of 40?years, it may be another 10?years before maximal life span data become available on these primates. It is difficult to determine whether CR has beneficial effects on intrinsic aging and maximal lifespan in humans, because there are no validated biomarkers of aging and because it is impractical to conduct randomized, diet-controlled, long-term survival studies in normal-weight humans. Another potential problem is the inappropriate use of the term ��calorie restriction�� in clinical studies. In animal studies, CR refers to a state in which the energy intake is reduced by 30�C50% below the levels consumed by a control group of animals that eats a chow diet ��ad libitum��, and not a high fat or sucrose diet that results in obesity. In addition, in some studies, thiram food intake in the control group is limited (i.e., 85�C95% of the calories of animals fed ad libitum) to avoid comparison of the CR group with control animals that gain some weight with age [26]. In contrast, in humans the term ��CR�� is often loosely used to describe any reduction in energy intake, even if the baseline energy intake is excessive (i.e., overweight/obese individuals) and it is being reduced to lower levels. We believe that this is misleading, because in the context of the aging/longevity studies the term ��CR�� should refer only to a state in which energy intake is sufficiently low to achieve or maintain a low-normal body weight status (i.e., body mass index