19 RRAD Speech Strategies

Briefly, Microglial (5 �� 105) were separately treated with morphine, HIV-1 gp120, and HIV-1 gp120 with morphine. Cells were harvested and washed twice with PBS. The cells were fixed in 0.5% paraformaldehyde and stained with PI solution after 24 h. The ModFit LT software program (Verity Software House) was used to determine the distribution of cells in subG0/G0 phase of the cell cycle. Data Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism- version 5. Differences between morphine, HIV-1 gp120 and RRAD morphine with HIV-1 gp120 treated and control were calculated using two-way ANOVA method. Values were expressed as mean �� standard error and a significance level of p 2008; Ma et al., 2015). However, no information is available on HIV-1 gp120 and morphine induced ROS production and redox altered cell cycle arrest and neurodegeneration. Therefore, we determined whether HIV-1 gp120 induce redox expression, cell cycle regulation and neurodegeneration are accelerated by morphine in microglia. Observed results demonstrate that HIV-1 gp120 and morphine significantly increased oxidative stress and subsequently inhibited the redox expression in microglia. The data presented in Figures ?Figures1A1A,?,BB show the dose response in morphine- (0�C1000 nm/ml) and gp120��(0�C200 ng/ml) treatment for 24 h and its effects on GSS gene expression in microglia, as assessed using quantitative real-time PCR. Microglia treated with morphine significantly down regulated GSS gene expression at 100 nm (p HIV-1 gp120 and morphine treatment inhibit the levels of GSS and GPx whereas SOD significantly increased, and the combination of HIV-1 gp120 with morphine accelerates these effects compared with control. The present finding suggested that HIV-1 gp120 with morphine effects are accelerated as compared to either HIV-1 gp120 or morphine alone (Figures ?(Figures2A2A�CC). FIGURE 1 The kinetic studies of Morphine and HIV-1 gp120 protein impact redox dysfunction in GSS gene expression. Microglia (1 �� 106 cells/ml) were treated with (A) morphine (0�C1000 nM) and (B) HIV-1 gp120 (0�C200 ng) for 24 h for dose response ... FIGURE 2 HIV-1 gp120 and morphine effect on redox genes GSS, SOD and GPx expression. Microglia (1 �� 106 cells/ml) were treated with HIV-1 gp120 (100 ng), morphine (0.5 ��M) and HIV-1 gp120 with morphine.