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The MAP increased (Fig. 1C) and HR declined (Fig. 1D) after the intravenous administration of hypertonic saline solution performed 6 h after the CLP C59 nmr surgery. The greatest pressor response was observed immediately after the end of the infusion (Fig. 1C). The administration of hypertonic saline solution induced increases in the plasma sodium concentration and plasma osmolality associated with a reduction in haematocrit level that remained significantly altered for up to 20 min (Fig. 2). In contrast, the isotonic saline solution injection had no effect on the plasma sodium concentration, the plasma osmolality and the haematocrit (Fig. 2). The HS administration increased the plasma vasopressin and oxytocin concentrations (P Selleck MLN8237 oxytocin; thereafter, the plasma hormone concentrations declined but were still significantly increased 20 min after the HS infusion. The prior administration of vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist completely abated the increased MAP induced by the HS in the CLP groups (P Aldosterone attention (Rivers et al. 2008). The efficacy of fluid resuscitation after injury can be assessed by several criteria, including the recovery of cardiovascular stability, the restoration of organ perfusion and the duration of the haemodynamic effects. The infusion of small volumes of hypertonic saline has been evaluated extensively in animal models of haemorrhagic shock and septic shock (Velasco et al. 1980; Wade et al. 1997; Batista et al. 2009). In 1980, a small volume of HS solution was introduced for the treatment of haemorrhagic shock, and a volume of 4 ml (kg body weight)?1 of 7.5% NaCl was shown to restore the haemodynamic parameters and tissue perfusion (Velasco et al. 1980; Nakayama et al. 1984), primarily because the HS infusion provided a significant plasma volume expansion. The main proposal from the present study suggests the use of HS as a resuscitative fluid because HS presents advantages compared with IS administration. For example, HS infusion produced increased vasopressin and oxytocin and increased blood pressure during the septic shock induced by CLP.