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Epidural analgesia has been proposed to promote early extubation after cardiac surgery. Objective:? To identify the characteristics of patients with epidural analgesia and safety profiles with respect to the timing of extubation following cardiac surgery. Design and method:? A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent cardiac surgery during a 5-year period. Demographic, procedural, and perioperative variables were analyzed to investigate factors that affect the timing of extubation. Results:? A total of 750 records were reviewed. The patients�� median age was 12?months, and 52% were infants (selleck chemicals llc and 19% were extubated after 24?h (Delayed). For the Immediate and Early groups, multivariate logistic regression identified young age, increased cross-clamp time, and inotrope score as independent risk factors for the need for mechanical ventilation. Postextubation respiratory acidosis (mean PaCO2, 50?mmHg; 95% CI, 49�C51) was well tolerated by all patients. There were no neurologic complications related to the epidural technique. Conclusion:? Epidural analgesia in children undergoing cardiac surgery provides stable analgesia without ABT-263 cell line complications in our experience. ""Background and Objectives:? A significant number of children undergo surgery experience high Flavoprotein levels of anxiety in the presurgical period. The aim of this study is to investigate which intervention is more effective in reducing preoperative anxiety. Methods/Materials:? The sample was composed of 75 subjects (aged 5�C12?years) who had to undergo minor day surgery. Children were randomly assigned to: the Clowns group (N?=?25) accompanied to the preoperative room by the clowns and by a parent; Premedication group (N?=?25) premedicated with oral midazolam and accompanied to the preoperative room by one parent; or the Control group (N?=?25) only accompanied by one parent. Anxiety in the preoperative period was measured by using the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS). Parental anxiety was measured by using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Y-1/Y-2). Results:? The Clown group was significantly less anxious during the induction of anesthesia compared with Premedication group and Control group. There were not any significant differences between Control group and Premedication group. There was an increased level of anxiety in the induction room in comparison with the waiting room: this difference was statistically significant for Control group and Premedication group, whereas it was not significant in Clown group.