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Areas of difficulty were re-discussed and further practiced to minimize errors in data collection. The International Center for Eye Health of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine validated the survey questionnaire as used in an earlier study in Nigeria.9 Data MEK inhibitor drugs collection procedures The trained interviewer obtained enumeration and demographic information comprising of age, sex, occupation, and educational level after obtaining consent. Historical events were used to estimate age where necessary. The ON assessed the distance VA of subjects using the Snellen tumbling E chart at six meters in ambient outdoor illumination under shade. PH VA was done on all subjects who had VA less than 6/18 in either eye. Refractive error was defined as improvement of vision to 6/18 or better with PH in either eye. The ophthalmologist then carried out objective and subjective distance refraction for subjects presenting with VA less than 6/18 who had an improvement of at least one Snellen acuity line with a PH in either eye. Near vision was tested at 40 cm (wearing distance correction where necessary) using logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) near E chart under ambient indoor illumination. Correct identification of three out of five characters constituted success in reading a line. The end point of near vision testing was N8 optotypes. Presbyopia (functional) was defined in a subject who could not read the N8 optotype at 40 cm with the distance correction in place, if required. Under-corrected presbyopia is said to be present in a subject presenting with near vision spectacles but who fails to read N8. Spectacles for near correction were provided at no cost to the presbyopes (uncorrected or under-corrected), subject to availability of the required power and willingness of participants to accept. This was done after completion of data collection in an entire cluster without prior knowledge of the participants to avoid bias. Subjects whose near spectacle prescription was not available or had other ocular pathologies were referred to the eye clinic for appropriate management. Participants with presbyopia who do not present with near vision spectacle correction were asked to state reason(s) for not having a presbyopic spectacle correction. Data management Collected data were entered into a software program designed in SPSS for windows version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and analyzed with support from a statistician. The prevalence, confidence intervals and P-values (significant at the P