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Follow-up pair-wise comparisons revealed significant differences between all groups (all p's?Sorafenib cell line variability being present in the first 30 trials of the task, performance on this portion of the task was entered as a covariate in a separate VBM analysis which also included all participants. This analysis revealed a significant correlation between performance on the first 30 trials of the WPT and grey matter density in cortical (medial frontal, orbitofrontal, and frontopolar) as well as subcortical (particularly putamen) regions (Table?3 and Fig.?3). A VBM analysis was conducted contrasting the slow acquisition FTD group (i.e., 5 FTD Doxorubicin solubility dmso subjects who learned consistently poorly across the early stages of the task) against the healthy controls. This analysis revealed significant grey matter density reduction in the caudate nucleus and putamen, as well as in the orbitofrontal and frontal pole brain regions in the slow acquisition FTD group (Table?4 and Fig.?4A). In contrast, similar analyses with the fast acquisition FTD group revealed that faster acquisition rates on the WPT were associated with atrophy in left medial temporal lobe and surrounding cortical regions (Table?4 and Fig.?4B). A final VBM analysis revealed that the slow acquisition FTD group had significant grey matter density reduction in MYO10 the putamen, caudate nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex when compared with the fast acquisition FTD group (Table?5 and Fig.?4C). To our knowledge, this is the first study to directly relate striatal structural abnormalities to performance measures on a probabilistic association learning task in FTD patients. Our findings show that frontal and striatal atrophy is associated with probabilistic association learning in FTD. Importantly, however, implicit learning performance in a subset of FTD patients who performed particularly poorly during the early stages of the task was more specifically related to atrophy in the putamen and caudate nucleus.