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For breakthrough analgesia, patients received either an epidural solution bolus or epidural narcotic (fentanyl or meperidine). Patients sat Adenine out of bed on day 2 postoperative and ambulated from day 3 onward with regular incentive spirometry for every hour. The primary outcome was maximal daily pain scores (numerical rating scale 0�C10) as determined by the ward nurse for each postoperative day. Our primary time period of focus was day 1 pain scores as pain is likely most severe immediately postoperatively. Our secondary time period of focus was the pain scores for the remaining days. Daily morning pain scores assessed by the APS nurses were also extracted, and any pain problems found on follow-up outpatient assessments were recorded. The secondary outcomes included the length of stay (LOS) of the patients, the side-effect profiles as reflected by the number of treatments for nausea and pruritus, the occurrence of breakthrough pain, and the presence of severe pain throughout the course of their hospital stay. Another secondary outcome also included daily pain scores according to epidural site insertion point (optimal vs suboptimal). Statistical analysis www.selleckchem.com/products/gw3965.html The demographic and anesthetic factors of the patients were analyzed by group using descriptive statistics reported as a mean (SD) for continuous variables and count (percentage) for categorical variables. The primary outcome (daily pain scores after treatment) is illustrated by box plot and analyzed using linear regression. They were adjusted for age and baseline pain score. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was also used to analyze the pain scores and provide an overall pain score for each group, adjusting for repeated measurements acquired for each patient on a day-to-day basis. Daily pain scores were also analyzed by epidural catheter location (optimal vs suboptimal) using linear regression. They are Target Selective Inhibitor Library illustrated by a box plot. The secondary outcomes include LOS in hospital, requirement of breakthrough analgesia, severe pain, critical events, pruritus, nausea/vomiting, and satisfaction. The LOS is analyzed using linear regression. Other secondary outcomes are illustrated by bar plots and analyzed using logistic regression. All linear and logistic regression analyses are adjusted for pain scores at baseline and for age. The results from the linear and mixed-effects models are reported as adjusted difference between the treatment groups, corresponding two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and associated P-values. Results from logistic regression are reported as odds ratio, 95% CI, and associated P-values. All statistical tests are performed using two-sided tests at the 0.05 level of significance. P-values are reported to three decimal places with values