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The allowed time for this procedure was 240?s. Results:? Placement of the transtracheal cannula was successful for eight of 30 physicians. Median time for successful insertion was 68?s. Surgical tracheotomy was successful for 8 of 10 physicians. Median time for successful tracheotomy was 89?s. There was a significantly higher success rate for surgical tracheotomy (P?=?0.007). Conclusions:? We found placement of a transtracheal cannula to be significantly Fleroxacin less successful than the modified surgical tracheotomy in a piglet model. We question whether placement of a transtracheal cannula should be recommended in infants in a cannot ventilate-cannot intubate situation. ""Background:? Cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide (CO2R) is affected by age, gender and anesthetic agents. While gender differences in CO2R are described in adults, there are no such data in children. Aim:? To examine the gender differences in CO2R in children during sevoflurane anesthesia. Methods:? Five girls and five boys buy Y-27632 between EtCO2 ranges 30�C40 and 40�C50?mmHg. Cerebrovascular resistance (eCVR) was estimated as MAP/Vmca and the change in eCVR (��eCVR) between EtCO2 30 and 40?mmHg and between EtCO2 40 and 50?mmHg was calculated. Results:? There was no gender difference in CO2R. However, both CHIR99021 CO2R and ��eCVR were lower in the EtCO2 40�C50?mmHg range compared to EtCO2 30�C40?mmHg range only in girls (P?=?0.01 and P?=?0.01, respectively). Vmca increased significantly with increase in CO2 (P?