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, 2003), superoptimal temperatures (Monod, 1942), and extreme cases of energy limitation (near-starvation conditions). In addition to low substrate quantity, low yields can also arise from poor substrate quality (Westerhoff et al., 1983; Schmidt et al., 2004). This positive relationship can be mediated by physiological maintenance, but also by other non-growth costs, such as allocation to extracellular enzymes, chelators, slime, etc. For example, the social myxobacterium, Sorangium cellulosum, grows slowly and has a very low apparent yield, partly owing to its large investment in lipids and secondary signaling compounds (Bolten and Muller, 2009). The positive correlation observed between production rate and BGE is indirect, and arises when both BGE and production rate are limited by nutrients such as P, as growth and respiration become decoupled. At selleck products intermediate and higher levels of resource availability, the rate-yield tradeoff becomes significant. Here we see the dichotomy of slow-growing, efficient vs. fast-growing, wasteful strategies seen along resource gradients and between spatially structured vs. planktonic microhabitats (Pfeiffer et al., 2001; Kreft, 2004; Costa et al., 2006; Frank, 2010), and also the variation in rate and yield seen in microbes growing in rich media over a wide temperature range (discussed above). Ecosystem implications for rate-yield relationships There is a growing effort to incorporate microbial growth kinetics into larger scale ecosystem studies (Schimel and Weintraub, 2003; Monson et al., 2006; Lipson et al., 2009; Treseder et al., 2012; McCalley et al., 2014), and concepts of growth efficiency have also been used to unite metabolic theory of ecology and ecological stoichiometry theory (Frost et al., 2006; Allen and Gillooly, 2009). CUE is increasingly incorporated into soil C models (Allison et al., 2010; Cotrufo et al., 2013; Sinsabaugh et al., 2013; Wieder et al., 2014). In the aquatic literature, BGE is observed to decline with increasing temperature (Apple et al., 2006), though some argue that this effect is mediated by nutrient availability (L��pez-Urrutia and Mor��n, 2007). A similar debate exists in the terrestrial biogeochemistry literature: short-term reductions in CUE with warming have been reported (Steinweg et al., 2008; Manzoni et al., 2012), but in the long term, microbial communities may adapt (Bradford et al., 2008; Frey et al., 2013; Tucker et al., 2013). However, the rate-yield tradeoff can limit the extent and impact of CUE adaptation to temperature (Allison, 2014). As seen in aquatic ecosystems, the impacts of mineral nutrients can also have an overriding effect on CUE in soils (Keiblinger et al., 2010; Manzoni et al., 2012).