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Because stigmatic pollen counts were not normally distributed, they were analysed using non-parametric statistics (Mann�CWhitney U test) for pairwise comparisons among four times of collection at the 0.05 level of significance. All data analysis was conducted in PRDX5 SPSS, version 17.0. All means are presented with standard errors (��SE). Results Pollinator observations Floral visitors to Himalayan mayapple were very rare. Our 60-h observation recorded only a total of 27 visits by solitary bees (Halictus, nine visits), honeybees (Apis cerana, four visits), sepsid flies (Sepsidae, six visits), soldier flies (Stratiomyidae, four visits) and heteropteran bugs (Coreidae, Lygaeus and Miridae, four visits). Except for Halictus and honeybees, flies and other small insects could not serve as pollinators, because no pollen grains were seen on their bodies. In addition, we also noted 19 visits by tiny insects (thrips) foraging pollen, but they did not touch the stigmas. These observations indicated that bees were potential pollinators, but they rarely visited this nectarless herb (Fig. ?(Fig.11). Breeding system Seed sets of bagged flowers (autogamy) and open-pollinated flowers were high and not significantly different from each other or from hand cross- or self-pollination treatments (Fig. ?(Fig.2).2). These results indicated that Himalayan mayapple was fully SC and capable of automatic self-pollination. Seed sets after the removal of petals and stamens were not significantly different from each other, but they MCC-950 were significantly lower than that of control flowers (F5,109 = 16.549, P Midostaurin mouse in emasculated flowers indicated that these flowers did receive pollen from other flowers, suggesting potential insect pollination. The finding of low seed set from autogamy in petal-removed flowers suggested that the petals facilitated automatic self-pollination in this species. Figure 2. Comparison of seed set per fruit (mean �� SE) under six pollination treatments (open pollination, hand cross-pollination, hand self-pollination, flower bagged, all petals removed and all stamens removed). One-way ANOVA, F5,109 = 16.549, P