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Statistical analyses Subjects were categorized into three tertile groups (i.e., Q1 ��219 mg/L, Q2=220 to 249 mg/L, and Q3 ��250 mg/L) according to the baseline ceruloplasmin concentration. Continuous variables with a normal distribution were expressed as the mean��standard deviation, and continuous variables with a skewed distribution were expressed as the median (interquartile range). Categorical variables were expressed as percentages (%). Characteristics of the study population according to ceruloplasmin tertile categories were compared using one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test for categorical variables. Demographic and biochemical characteristics of the study population with respect to the progression of Quinapyramine diabetic nephropathy were compared using an independent t-test or the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test GDC-0449 supplier for categorical variables. Time to progression of diabetic nephropathy was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and statistical differences among groups were compared by the log-rank test. The follow-up time was censored if diabetic nephropathy progressed or if the patient was lost to follow-up. To calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each ceruloplasmin tertile category for the development of diabetic nephropathy, multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were applied after adjustment for conventional risk factors of diabetic nephropathy. Traditional diabetic nephropathy risk factors were included MS-275 order in model 1 and factors that showed a statistically significant (P in the univariate analysis were included in model 2. All the variables in models 1 and 2 were included in model 3. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A P value of