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Notably, the associations between and clustering of these factors have been known for decades. More recently, interest has focused on the involvement of insulin resistance as a linking factor, although the pathogenesis remains unclear and diagnostic criteria have not been established. Central to the understanding of metabolism and cancer is the relationship between epidemiological metabolic risk factors and diet, the relationship between diet and changes in metabolism per se and how alterations in metabolism may occur through changes PLX4032 solubility dmso in the gut microbiome, which is also affected by dietary intake [2], [3], [4], [5]?and?[6]. Eventually, these external influences may have internal effects on cellular metabolism, and the mitochondria may be key players [7], [8]?and?[9], in the increased susceptibility of cells to becoming cancerous (Fig. 1). Recently, high-throughput sequencing of the human microbiota inhabiting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has demonstrated that specific gut microbiomes are correlated with specific metabolomic markers [10]. Furthermore, understanding the gut microbiome, which can be altered with lifestyle changes, such as changes in diet and body weight [11], has the potential to elucidate the interconnectivity between these conditions and improve the prevention, diagnosis and CT99021 manufacturer treatment of diseases, including cancer. In this review, we investigate some of the current concepts in cancer development with respect to metabolism in the human body and within cells. In particular, we focus on the effects that certain nutrients and metabolic alterations have on colorectal cancer cells. This knowledge may improve preventive measures, diagnosis and treatment and provide a better understanding of the disease. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently occurring forms of cancers worldwide, causing as many as 600,000 deaths PDGFRB annually, and represents a high disease burden to society [12], [13]?and?[14]. The lifetime risk of CRC in the Western population is estimated to be 5�C6% [15]?and?[16], with >90% of cases of sporadic or unknown origin and