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There were 12 co-infections of different OIs observed in the current study. Of these, 58.3% (n=7/12) were TB and oral candidiasis co-infections. This finding is in agreement with a report from Gondar, Ethiopia, which reported 50% TB and oral candidiasis co-infections.13 A higher proportion of TB and oral candidiasis co-infection in the current study might be explained by a higher prevalence of these two OIs among the study participants. Dual and triple OIs were also reported from studies conducted in Debre Markos, Ethiopia and Nigeria.11,16 Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV worldwide. In Ethiopia, the co-infection rate is 20%�C50%, creating a dual epidemic of symptomatic HIV infection and TB. TB enhances selleck screening library progression of HIV infection by inducing immune activation. In addition, HIV increases the risk of infection as well as reactivation of latent TB. Hence, it is conceivable that TB can occur across the clinical spectrum of HIV infection.1 The present study also revealed that TB infection is the predominant OI identified, with a prevalence of 21.23% (76/358). This was comparable with a study conducted in Taiwan in which the prevalence of TB-related OIs was found to be 18.2%.12 However, FMO5 it was higher than the prevalence reported from two areas in Ethiopia (9.7%) and Nigeria (7.7%), which also revealed TB as a major OI.11,13,16 The rate was also lower compared to a TB prevalence of 34.5% previously reported in ART-na?ve, HIV-infected patients in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.17 This might possibly be explained by methodological differences in selecting study subjects Bafilomycin A1 nmr and the prevalence of TB in the general population. Following TB, Herpes zoster and oral candidiasis were the second and the third most prevalent OIs in the present study, at 11.2% (40/358) and 9.5% (34/358), respectively. The prevalence of candidiasis was in agreement with a report from Debre Markos, Ethiopia and a report from Nigeria in which prevalence rates of 11.8% and 8.6% were noted, respectively.11,16 The prevalence of Herpes zoster is in agreement with study carried out in India, which reported prevalence of 14.7%.18 This rate was higher than the 0.6% reported from Nigeria.16 However, higher (30.7%) prevalence of Herpes zoster were reported in ART-na?ve, HIV-infected patients in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.17 This difference might be due to methodological differences in selecting study subjects and the prevalence of Herpes zoster in the general population. The hospital where this study was conducted initiates ART when the CD4 level of a patient falls below 200 cells/mm3 of blood, which is far lower than the recommendation by WHO, which increase susceptibility of HIV-infected individuals to OIs. In the current study, HIV-infected patient with CD4 counts of