An Fatal Mistake Unveiled Over Vorinostat And How To Get around It

jejuni encounters while in the food chain. We demonstrate here that eDNA is an important component of the C. jejuni extracellular SB203580 mw matrix at all stages of maturation. This is in contrast to P. aeruginosa, which become less susceptible to DNase I treatment as the biofilm matures (Whitchurch et al., 2002). Some outer membrane and flagella proteins have been identified as been important in C. jejuni biofilm formation, but to date there has been little investigation of the extracellular matrix components themselves. C. jejuni produces a polysaccharide containing ��1-3 and/or ��1-4 linkages which is reactive to calcofluor white (McLennan et al., 2008), and hence further studies are required to distinguish between the roles of eDNA and other polysaccharides in C. jejuni biofilms. Although eDNA has been shown to be present within the biofilms of many different bacteria, the mechanism of its release into the extracellular milieu is still under investigation. There are two main mechanisms of DNA release; secretion and cell lysis. Secretion of eDNA has been shown in several species, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Hamilton et al., 2005) and P. aeruginosa (Renelli et al., 2004). Although secretion of eDNA has been observed in some bacteria, it is widely accepted that lysis is a more common method of eDNA release (Wu and Xi, 2009). For instance, Staphylococcus aureus eDNA can be released via co-ordinated lysis of a subset of the population, controlled by quorum sensing (Mann et al., 2009). To date quorum sensing mechanisms have not been described in C. jejuni (He et al., 2008; Adler et al., 2014), and although it is possible that a yet unknown quorum sensing system controls co-ordinated eDNA release in C. jejuni, this will require further investigation. P. aeruginosa biofilms showed higher concentrations of eDNA within the biofilm when cultures were supplemented with salmon sperm DNA (Chiang et al., 2013), suggesting that some biofilm-forming bacteria are able to utilize eDNA from several sources. Our results suggest that although C. jejuni NCTC 11168 and 81116 are able to utilize exogenous DNA, this does not lead to a net increase in biofilm formation. In contrast, addition of eDNA to C. jejuni 81�C176 biofilm cultures led to increased biofilm biomass (Svensson et al., 2014). Another problem frequently encountered within food processing environments is the presence of food product debris. This presence of this debris on surfaces can lead to surface conditioning and increased bacterial attachment, as observed with chicken juice and C. jejuni (Brown et al., 2014). The attachment of L. monocytogenes to stainless steel surfaces is enhanced by surface pre-conditioning with fish and meat emulsions (Gram et al., 2007), and surface conditioning by chicken juice has been shown to enhance C. jejuni biofilm formation (Brown et al., 2014).