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Lead tips were also sent for analysis. Each organism isolated was reported to species level with appropriate sensitivity results. Direct sensitivity testing was performed using the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) standards.13 Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using R version 2.15.2. (libraries psych, epiR, and epicalc).14�C17 Data are presented as median (IQR) or N (%) as appropriate. Group medians were compared a Mann�CWhitney U-test or Kruskall�CWallis test (multiple groups) as appropriate. Categorical data were compared using Fisher's exact test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of SQR to detect (i) possible or definite infection (as per pre-test clinical criteria), (ii) definite infection selleck (as per pre-test clinical criteria), and (iii) the clinical need for extraction, i.e. confirmed CIED-GPI (using eventual clinical course as the reference standard). Optimal SQR thresholds from the ROC curve were determined using the maximum Youden index (J = sensitivity + specificity ? 1). All tests were two-tailed and P selleck screening library with CIEDs were evaluated with 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging: 46 with suspected CIED-GPI and 40 controls without any history of infection. Further demographic information and clinical presentation are presented in Tables?1 and ?22, respectively. Table?1 Demographics of study participants Table?2 Clinical presentation and laboratory markers for infection in patients with suspected CIED infection Clinical outcome Of the 46 patients with suspected CIED-GPI, 26 were categorized as ��possible�� infection (Group 1) and 20 as ��definite�� infection (Group 2) based on the specified clinical criteria. Group 1 Of the 26 patients in Group 1 (��possible�� infection), 12 were ultimately Quinapyramine considered to have CIED-GPI based on their clinical progression which led to CIED extraction. An additional patient, originally considered as a ��possible�� case of CIED-GPI, did not undergo extraction because the symptoms in the region of the pocket had completely resolved at subsequent clinical review��this patient also had a positive PET/CT result (SQR 2.6). The latter was considered to be a ��false positive�� given clinical resolution with conservative management but the possibility of a self-limiting infection remains. A follow-up 18F-FDG PET/CT assessment in this individual performed 3 months later for evaluation of a suspicious left upper lobe lung lesion identified on the original scan, subsequently demonstrated a reduction in SQR (1.7) in the region of the CIED generator pocket. We continue to closely monitor this individual for signs of infection. The remaining 13 patients in Group 1 remained well during clinical follow-up [237 (129�C384) days] with no crossover to extraction and were all found to have a normal 18F-FDG PET/CT result.