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After 4?weeks of healing, the animals were sacrificed and tissue samples were taken for histomorphometric Resminostat evaluation and removal torque tests. Removal torque tests were performed to evaluate implant stability in the bone bed. Six screw implants per each group were subjected to removal torque testing. The femoral condyles containing the implants were removed en bloc. They were firmly stabilized with a locking vise and the peak removal torque force was measured using a digital torque meter (MG series, Mark-10 Corporation, New York, NY, USA) with a measuring range of 0�C135?N?cm. A single blinded examiner recorded all measurements of the peak torque to initiate reverse rotation. The femoral condyles containing the implants were removed en bloc, fixed in 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde, dehydrated using an ascending series of alcohols, and embedded in methyl methacrylate for undecalcified sectioning. Undecalcified cut-and-ground sections, which were prepared in a plane parallel to the long axis of each implant and contained the central part of the implants, were produced at a final thickness of 20?��m using a Macro cutting and grinding system (Exakt 310 CP series, Exakt Apparatebau, Norderstedt, Germany). Sections were stained with Villanueva stain and histomorphometric analysis was carried Baf-A1 ic50 out using light microscopy (BX51, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) with an image analysis system (i-Solution, iMTechnology Inc., Daejeon, Korea) under ��40 magnification. Images were captured using a digital camera (CC-12; Soft Imaging System GmbH, Munster, Germany) attached to the microscope and displayed on a computer monitor. The percentage of bone-to-implant contact (BIC%) was measured over both the all threads region (which exhibited the original macro-thread dimension after sectioning) excluding the apical cutting edge and the total lateral length of implant including the apical cutting edge (Fig.?1). BIC% was measured as the percentage of the length of mineralized bone in direct contact with the implant surface see more (10 implants per each group). The percentage of bone area (BA%) was evaluated by measuring the mineralized bone tissue area inside all of the threads (inside the same threads used for BIC% measurement in the all thread region). After removal torque tests, the implants were completely removed from the femur and ultrasonically cleaned in 5% sodium hypochlorite solution to remove the weakly attached bone. The implants were fixed in 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde, dehydrated using ascending series of alcohols, and dried. The surfaces of the torque-tested implants were observed by SEM equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Statistical analysis was performed using the PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Nonparametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed to evaluate differences between groups. P-values?