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Implicit measures are thought to be better predictors of behaviour where inhibitory control is lacking [14]. Thus, a longer drinking period may allow implicit drives to express themselves in drinking behaviour through the reduced inhibitory control that arises from increased alcohol consumption; indeed, we may gain insights into binge drinking behaviours in such a modified paradigm. In this way, the true relationships between implicit alcohol cognitions Duvelisib purchase and actual drinking in a laboratory bar and other settings may be elucidated. Future studies may also benefit from a strict delineation between the collection of implicit and explicit measures. For example, collecting implicit measures in contexts that are divorced temporally and situationally from the ��explicit�� task environment, flupentixol either well before the explicit measures are taken or in a longitudinal fashion, would ensure that unwanted contextual cues do not bias participants' implicit judgements. Finally, notwithstanding the absence of a relationship between implicit measures and observed drinking behaviours, Larsen and colleagues [1] report significant relationships between implicit measures and other measures of consumption (e.g. binge drinking, weekly drinking). As such, we remain sanguine regarding the informativeness, predictive capacity and future development of implicit measures in alcohol-related studies and beyond. There is clearly a need for the field to further develop innovative methods for drinking assessment such as those described by Larsen et?al. [1]. None. ""This randomized clinical trial examined the efficacy of comprehensive usual care (UC) alone (n = 42) or enhanced by reinforcement-based treatment (RBT) (n = 47) to produce improved treatment outcomes, maternal delivery, and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with opioid and/or cocaine substance use disorders. RBT participants spent, on average, 32.6 days longer in treatment (p PFI-2 cost spent 1.3 fewer days hospitalized after birth than UC condition neonates (p = .03), although the two conditions did not differ significantly in neonatal gestational age at delivery, birth weight, or number of days hospitalized. Integrating RBT into a rich array of comprehensive care treatment components may be a promising approach to increase maternal treatment retention and reduce neonatal length of hospital stay.?(Am J Addict 2011;00:1�C9) ""Aims? According to the prevention paradox, a majority of alcohol-related problems in a population can be attributed to low to moderate drinkers simply because they are more numerous than heavy drinkers, who have a higher individual risk of adverse outcomes.