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16) at 90?�� of scaption. The current study strength results should be tempered since multiple shoulder muscles are activated during manual muscle testing intended to target one specific muscle. Specific to this study, the MMT used for the serratus anterior was modeled after the study by Ekstrom et al26 and did not involve stabilization of the lateral border of the scapula, as proposed ISRIB by Kendall.33 This could have led to greater involvement of the anterior deltoid during the MMT used in this study. The results of these MMT tests show a moderate relationship between a lack of scapular upward rotation and normalized MMT strength deficits of the lower trapezius in overhead athletes and identify deficits of lower trapezius MMT strength in asymptomatic athletes with dyskinesis. While this study provides new insight, the results are limited to asymptomatic overhead athletes. Further study in athletes with shoulder pain is necessary in order to determine if a distinct subgroup of athletes with pain have similar deficits in scapular muscle strength and a lack of scapular upward rotation. Additionally, no inferences can be made with regard to these athletes�� injury risk given Tasisulam the cross�\sectional study design. Results of this study were in conflict with the authors�� hypothesis that overhead athletes may normalize scapular stabilization or position with a higher demand activity. A limitation of studying clinically identified scapular dyskinesis is that examiners may identify cases of dyskinesis with a heterogeneous mix of underlying factors, so future biomechanical studies may benefit from subgrouping scapular dyskinesis based on specific identifiable biomechanical factors such as specific muscle strength imbalance or aberrant muscle co�\contraction patterns. A limitation specific to this study is that the authors measured scapular kinematics isometrically at 90?�� of shoulder flexion, which provides only a snapshot of overall selleck compound scapular kinematics across the range of shoulder motions and muscular contractions. Further study is warranted to determine whether a cluster of impairments, beyond the presence of dyskinesis, may increase injury risk in overhead athletes. Lastly, while athletes who experienced shoulder pain in the last 6 months were excluded, participants�� history of pain before the research timeframe was unknown. CONCLUSIONS In overhead athletes with normal scapular motion, a maximal isometric elevation contraction at 90?�� results in small increases (