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Clinical investigators received a new writing pen each day. The intervention group was randomly assigned to clean the pens between patients�� visits with an alcohol-based hand-sanitizing agent whereas the non-intervention group did not use the Alectinib hand-sanitizing agent. Bacterial growth was significantly higher in the non-intervention group (92% vs 40%; 370 vs 130 CFU) [16]. The second study, a cross-sectional study, provides evidence on demographics and characteristics of mobile phone use by inpatients and microbiological contamination of phone surfaces. The majority of swabs taken from patients�� mobile phones were positive for microbial contamination and 12% grew bacteria known to cause HAI. Methicillin-susceptible S.?aureus and MRSA contamination of mobile phones was associated with concomitant nasal colonization [17]. Meta-analysis clearly showed learn more that the risk of infection is increased fourfold in subjects previously colonized with MRSA [18]. Available evidence is becoming more likely to link small portable devices to the spreading of pathogenic bacteria from doctors to patients. Major concerns, in my opinion, rely on the low compliance with the existing guidelines (as demonstrated by the low percentages of doctors regularly cleaning their hands or their stethoscopes) and on the lack of formal infection control policies for mobile devices in most hospitals. Specific addenda to prevention strategies should be planned according to local ecology and case-mix of the ward. Reinforcement of the importance of hand hygiene policy implementation would also play a pivotal role in relation to this issue. Protocols should be defined for the regular disinfection Tryptophan synthase of computing devices with alcohol swabs, in particular if they are used at point of care. Patients might be involved in the prevention programme and ask their physicians to clean the stethoscope and not to use their mobile phone after cleaning their hands. Introduction of stethoscope covers should also be considered. Future studies need to be designed on strict collaboration between intelligence technology leaders and infection control officers to improve the evidence and to evaluate the benefit of such protocols on medical device colonization and rate of HAIs. No conflict of interest. ""Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18 (Suppl. 7): 68�C77 Mucosal candidiasis is frequent in immunocompromised HIV-infected highly active antiretroviral (HAART) naive patients or those who have failed therapy. Mucosal candidiasis is a marker of progressive immune deficiency. Because of the frequently marked and prompt immune reconstitution induced by HAART, there is no recommendation for primary antifungal prophylaxis of mucosal candidiasis in the HIV setting in Europe, although it has been evidenced as effective in the pre-HAART era.