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Compared with EUCAST breakpoints, the most frequent resistance was to aminoglycosides (Fig. 1a). Based on our pairwise correlation analysis (Fig. 2a), we found significant cross-resistance among the three aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin and streptomycin (GEN-TOB: 0.946; GEN-STR: 0.911; TOB-STR: 0.908; all P LY2835219 cost among the technical replicates performed for a particular sample using the E-test. In particular, six samples showed more than one scale unit variation among the three performed replicates. Another 15 cases showed a variation of one scale unit that would cross a EUCAST beakpoint-i.e. resulting in the same sample being either classified as resistant or sensitive. The highest frequency of EUCAST-defined resistances was encountered for gentamicin (43.7% of tests, 46.7% of strains; Fig. 1b). Interestingly, resistance against colistin and tobramycin, the two drugs used regularly by all patients, was only found in 10% of the samples. Merely one patient carried a P. aeruginosa isolate that was highly resistant to colistin. The remaining antibiotics, ceftazidime and the three carbapenems, also had Perifosine datasheet resistance rates well below 10%. However, when we compared resistance levels relative to the PA14 lab strain (rather than to EUCAST values), we found that almost all clinical isolates were more resistant to imipenem (93%), doripenem (91%), meropenem (55%), ciprofloxacin (84%), gentamicin (82%) and tobramycin (91%) (Supplementary data, Fig. S1). The higher proportion of resistances in this comparison is not surprising because PA14 was chosen as a wild-type representative without clinical resistances (except intermediate resistance to aztreonam and carbenicillin). Vasopressin Receptor Nevertheless, 68% of samples were still more sensitive to ceftazidime and 80% more sensitive to aztreonam than PA14. The pairwise correlation analysis of the E-test data (Fig. 2b) revealed cross-resistance among all ��-lactam antibiotics (imipenem, doripenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, aztreonam; Spearman��s �� between 0.50 and 0.86; P