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In the monkey experiments, we used monkey faces as stimuli, rather than human faces. Thus both the human and monkey subjects viewed faces of their conspecifics, so that the face stimuli were matched evolutionarily. In terms of lower level cues, the monkey faces differ significantly from human faces (see Fig.?6?and?Fig.?7a, and S1PR1 Discussion). In the activity map in macaque visual cortex, we found a clear bias for normal face contrast polarity in a discrete patch in macaque visual cortex. Fig.?7b shows the topographical relationship between this polarity-biased patch, relative to the face-selective patch based on the independent face-place localizer. The face-selective patch in the present study is the large face patch located in the posterior bank and adjacent lip of the posterior temporal sulcus, which has been previously Rigosertib mw referred to as the ��middle�� face patch (e.g. Tsao et al., 2006), or the ��posterior�� face patch (e.g. Bell et al., 2009, Pinsk et al., 2009?and?Rajimehr et al., 2009), or more recently as the ��middle lateral�� (ML) face patch (Freiwald and Tsao, 2010). Consistent with our hypothesis, the polarity bias was largely confined to a subdivision within that main face-selective cortical patch, which is considered the likely homologue of human FFA (Rajimehr et al., 2009, Tsao et al., 2003a?and?Tsao et al., 2003b). To quantify this further, ROIs for this face patch were defined in each of the four monkey hemispheres, using an equivalent threshold (p?Bleomycin in vitro to those in humans. The smaller polarity bias in monkey may reflect actual species variation, or it could simply reflect sampling differences (2 monkey subjects versus 14 human subjects), and/or task differences. In any event, the overall results suggest that a bias for normal contrast polarity exists in a homologous face-selective cortical area, in both humans and monkeys. Previous studies (George et al., 1999, Gilad et al., 2009?and?Nasr and Tootell, 2012) have emphasized the intriguing parallel between recognition, facial contrast polarity and fMRI activity in/near FFA: both measures decrease when face contrast polarity is reversed. Indeed, the fMRI results here and previously (George et al., 1999?and?Gilad et al., 2009) showed a bias for normal face polarity even though subjects were not explicitly required to recognize faces.