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42 There was an inverse relationship between the extent of disease on the original chest radiograph and the FEV1. The effect on lung function of one or more episodes of treated tuberculosis was examined in 27?660 black South African gold miners.46 A history of tuberculosis was elicited from 2599 miners. In all Oxygenase age groups there was a consistent decrease in FEV1 and FVC with episodes of tuberculosis, but the loss of lung function was highest in the first 6?months after diagnosis and became stable after 13�C18?months. Lung function was chronically impaired (FEV1?buy NU7441 in turn, increases the risk of tuberculosis disease.7�C10 COPD is a well-recognized consequence of smoking. The burning of biomass, a common cooking fuel in developing countries, is associated with the development of COPD in non-smokers.45,51 In HIV patients, COPD has been reported following acute infection with Pneumocystis jirovecii.52�C54 There is increasing evidence that colonization with Pneumocystis is associated with accelerated progression of chronic airflow obstruction,55,56 which is independent of smoking history and may possibly be implicated in its pathogenesis.56 People with tuberculosis-related chronic airflow obstruction share clinical manifestations similar to people with COPD. A study involving 21 people with chronic airflow obstruction following pulmonary tuberculosis showed higher airflow resistance and lower positive bronchodilator response rates when compared with people with COPD, possibly due to irreversible airway constriction in chronic airflow obstruction.57 Airflow obstruction as a prominent feature of bronchiectasis has been known for over buy BKM120 half a century.24 Patients with bronchiectasis and impaired lung function usually develop chronic airflow obstruction.58,59 This association occurs in both smokers and lifetime non-smokers, but tends to be more severe in smokers.18,22 In bronchiectasis patients who have never smoked, over 50% may develop chronic airflow obstruction.18 The pathophysiological basis of airflow obstruction in bronchiectasis is poorly understood. An early study (1971) showed increased inspiratory and expiratory pulmonary flow resistances in 31 patients with bronchiectasis confirmed with bronchography. A significant reduction in inspiratory resistance was noted following aminophylline, and to a lesser degree, in expiratory resistance.