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Design?�C? Gene mutational analysis of nine Japanese individuals with CCD was performed. Dental and skeletal characteristics were examined based on patient examinations and radiographs. Results?�C? Four different gene mutations, including one novel mutation in RUNX2 gene (NM_001024630), were identified. Among them, four individuals had the R225Q mutation, three siblings had the P224S mutation, and the other two individuals had different frame-shift mutations. Wide variations in supernumerary tooth formation were observed in individuals with identical gene mutations, and discordance was seen between monozygotic twins. Asymmetric supernumerary tooth formation was noted in five out of the nine individuals. Conclusion?�C? Individuals with identical gene mutations showed a wide variation selleck in the supernumerary tooth formation. Not only the genotype but also environmental factors and a complex system including epigenetics and copy number variation might regulate supernumerary tooth formation in CCD. ""?elar A., Freudenthaler J., Crismani A., Graf A. Guided and unguided mandibular reference positions learn more in asymptomatic individuals Orthod Craniofac Res 2013; 16:28�C35. ? 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S Objectives?�C? To determine the difference between guided and unguided mandibular reference positions assessed by articulator simulation. Setting and Sample Population?�C? This study was carried tuclazepam out at the Division of Orthodontics at Vienna Medical University. The sample population consisted of 19 men and 18 women aged 23�C32?years and without temporomandibular disorder. Materials and Methods?�C? Three examiners used bimanual operator guidance and unguided mandibular stationary hinging at final jaw closure before occlusal contact and made occlusal wax recordings. The examiners repeated both techniques after 8 and 17?days on the same subjects. Condylar positions were assessed using articulator-mounted casts and a three-dimensional electronic condylar position indicator. Results?�C? Bimanual guidance positioned the condylar spheres, on average, 0.1?mm more right and 0.6?mm more posterior and superior to unguided hinging (p?