Grating and reflecting social info into its better known non-social functions.

The caudate and putamen/ventral striatumare separated by the http://edmreality.com/members/hockey50shirt/activity/173625/ internal capsule, a white matter tract amongst brain cortex and brainstem. The striatum receives inputs from all components of the reward circuit (Figure 1, reviewed in Haber and Knutson, 2010): from striato-nigral midbrain cells (Beckstead et al., 1979), amygdala (Russchen et al., 1985; Fudge et al., 2002), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (Haber et al., 2006), and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985; Calzavara et al., 2007). The striatum has two most important efferent pathways. The direct pathway is formed by axons of medium spiny neuron (MSN) expressing D1 receptors which mostly project to GABAergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) (Parent et al., 1984; Gerfen et al., 1990; Kawaguchi et al., 1990; Chuhma et al., 2011). MSN that express D2 receptors mostly target the external segment from the globus pallidus (GPe) and form the indirect pathway (Parent et al., 1984; Gerfen et al., 1990; Kawaguchi et al., 1990; Chuhma et al., 2011). GABAeric neurons in GPe project to SNr as well as the internal segment in the globus pallidus (GPi) (Parent and Hazrati, 1995; Wilson, 1998). The SNr and GPi will be the output nuclei from the basal ganglia. The principal cell variety inside the striatum could be the MSN (Wilson, 1998; Tepper and Bolam, 2004). These neurons release -amino butyric acid (GABA) at their synaptic terminals (Wilson, 1998).www.frontiersin.orgDecember 2013 | Volume 7 | Short article 233 |B z-Mendoza and SchultzStriatum and social behaviorFIGURE 1 | Depiction of the brain's reward circuit highlighting the role with the striatum and its anatomical connections. Abbreviations: dACC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; DPFC, dorsal prefrontal cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; VP ventral pallidum; LHb, lateral habenula; , Hypo, hypothalamus; STN, subthalamic nucleus; SN, substantia nigra; VTA, ventral tegmental location; PPT, pedunculopontine tegmentum. Determined by Haber and Knutson (2010), reproduced with permission.The striatum contains many other cell varieties apart from MSN, including cholinergic and fast-firing GABAergic interneurons (Tepper and Bolam, 2004). Cholinergic interneuron activity features a connection to reward-predicting stimuli and reward and punishment (Apicella et al., 1991b; Ravel et al., 2003). These firing properties recommend that these neurons may well play a role in understanding (Schulz and Reynolds, 2013). Fast-firing interneurons are also involved in reward prediction error coding (Stalnaker et al., 2012). Nonetheless, for brevity we'll limit this assessment to MSN and refer to them as striatal neurons. Functionally, striatal neurons show motor and reward responses (Hikosaka et al., 2000). Functio.Grating and reflecting social information into its much better known non-social functions.ANATOMY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY On the STRIATUMThe striatum could be the input module for the basal ganglia, a neuronal circuit needed for voluntary movement control (Hikosaka et al., 2000). The striatum is composed of three nuclei: caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum. The latter contains the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The caudate and putamen/ventral striatumare separated by the internal capsule, a white matter tract involving brain cortex and brainstem. Striatal afferents arrive from 3 key sources: cortex, midbrain and thalamus (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985; Haber, 2003). The cortical input from temporal, parietal and frontal is largely ipsilateral (K zle, 1975; Vanhoesen et al., 1981) and topographically arranged within the medio-lateral and dorsal-ventral axes (Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985; Haber, 2003; Haber and Knutson, 2010).