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For instance, in a case�Ccontrol study conducted in Canada, the authors reported a positive but nonsignificant association between a family history of cancer among first-degree relatives and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (OR?=?1.2, 95% CI: 0.6�C2.3) 12. Data from the French national population-based ESCALE study indicated that a family history of cancer was associated with an increased risk of Hodgkin lymphoma (OR?=?1.5, 95% CI: 1.0�C2.2) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR?=?1.8, 95% CI: 1.3�C2.5) 14. The magnitude of these associations is similar to our findings. As in our study, the ESCALE study reported associations were stronger when the relative was first-degree (e.g., Hodgkin lymphoma Selleckchem AP24534 OR?=?2.2, 95% CI: 0.9�C5.1) versus second degree (OR?=?1.4, 95% CI: 1.0�C2.1). Additionally, the ORs were higher when relatives were diagnosed earlier in life (UNC2881 series of childhood RMS have indicated that a family history of cancer or of a cancer-predisposing syndrome is an important factor in disease risk. Li and Fraumeni reported that among 648 childhood RMS cases, four were from families in which siblings or cousins had a childhood sarcoma 22. These families also had histories of breast cancer and other neoplasms. While not statistically significant, in our population, a family history of breast cancer was positively associated with childhood RMS (ORa?=?1.72, 95% CI: 0.62�C4.78). Among children who were had a family history of cancer consistent with that of LFS in the COG and UPDB cohorts, respectively. This supports previous reports that estimate 10�C15% of younger children (i.e., selleck products of age at diagnosis also met the Chompret criteria for potential LFS. This is in contrast to a previous report which suggested that LFS may not be as common among those older than 3?years of age at diagnosis 24. Furthermore, these estimates were confirmed in the UPDB cohort. Our results further indicate that the RMS risk among children with first-degree relatives that were younger at cancer diagnosis (