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Two further conditions were added to create a behavioral task which would distract participants from the purpose of the experiment. Another verb from a different sentence in the stimulus set was selected in order to make a nonsense sentence in a typical N400 elicitation experiment. Participants were asked to make decisions about whether the sentence meaning was normal or strange. This resulted in 140 sentences spread across four conditions �C iconic/sensible, arbitrary/sensible, iconic/nonsense, and arbitrary/nonsense, shown in Table ?Table11 below. Table 1 Experimental conditions for one set of four example stimuli sentences. The 2 �� 2 experimental design was chosen for two reasons. Firstly, it enabled a design where the only difference between the sentences was whether or not the adverb was iconic. Secondly, it allowed us to give the participants a sensibility judgment task to keep them focused throughout the experiment. Participants were asked to judge whether the sentences were sensible or nonsense, and to respond by pressing a LY2157299 button accordingly. It is important to note here that it is the verb which determines whether a sentence is a sensible or nonsense sentence. Therefore, up until the presentation of the sentence-final verb, all sentences are sensible. This means that all ideophones are presented at a point during the sentence where it makes sense, and so the only condition contrast of interest when analyzing the effects of sound-symbolism is whether the word is iconic or arbitrary. A further 140 filler sentences with no adverbs were also included, giving 280 trials in total. The filler sentences were divided between intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive sentences, and were also split into sensible and nonsense conditions. This further served to disguise the underlying purpose of the experiment. These filler sentences were mostly sourced from dictionary examples. Participants The experiment was carried out on 22 adult Japanese native speaking participants (18 f, 4 m) aged 19�C31 with normal or corrected to normal vision. 20 were right-handed, two were left-handed. Participants were recruited from various London universities and were reimbursed with ?15 for their time. All participants were educated within the Japanese school system, and are therefore highly proficient readers of Japanese. Ethics approval was obtained from the UCL Research Department of Linguistics Ethics Committee (project ref LING-2013-06-25). Procedure The experiment was conducted in a sound-attenuated, dimly lit room. Participants sat in a chair facing a 17-inch screen situated ~90 cm away. Before each session, participants were given a short practice block. The sentences in the experimental block were randomized and divided into seven blocks of 40 sentences. The order of these blocks was randomized for each participant.