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Neighborhood covariates selected for inclusion in this analysis were selected based on findings from prior literature on health disparities in HIV prevalence and incidence. The following categories of tract-level neighborhood attributes were used for this analysis: Minority composition, educational attainment, unemployment, income/poverty, inequality, and crowding. Inequality was measured using the index of concentration at the extremes (ICE), which conceptualizes the concentration of affluence and poverty as falling along a continuum ranging from??1.0 to?+1.0 (ICE?=??1.0 when EPZ-6438 price all families are poor and?+1.0 when all families are affluent) [28]. Because standard statistical models cannot capture the interconnectedness of network data, simulations were used to derive a meaningful measure of HIV clustering within networks. RDS recruit�Crecruiter ties were displayed visually click here using NetDraw [29] (Fig.?1). To determine whether clustering by HIV status could be explained by chance, the observed network was compared with a null distribution (1000 randomly generated networks with the same network topology and overall prevalence of HIV, but with HIV status distributed randomly) [30]. If HIV clusters more than what would be expected by chance, the probability that an ego is HIV positive given that his/her alter is HIV positive would be higher in the observed network than in the null distribution and would not be included within the 95% confidence interval for the null distribution (P Montelukast Sodium number of intermediates, between alter�Cego pairs. The association between an ego's HIV status and his/her alter's HIV status (for 1�C6 degrees of separation) was also examined (risk ratios in Table?1; risk differences in Fig.?2). As mentioned, network simulations were used to derive a meaningful measure of HIV clustering. In the Framingham Heart Study, the association between an ego's attribute and his/her alter's attribute was no different from that expected by chance after three degrees of separation [31], [32]?and?[33]. Because (1) the increased risk of HIV observed for egos with an HIV positive alter was significantly different from that expected by chance for alter�Cego pairs separated by one to six degrees (P 10.54%) versus less than expected HIV (