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In two patients, PFO was detected by the surgeon intraoperatively but missed by preoperative imaging, including preoperative transesophageal echocardiography. The Mayo Clinic medical record database was searched to identify the demographic characteristics of patients and to abstract those and other patient-related data. Follow-up data were R428 datasheet obtained from records of subsequent clinic visits, correspondence with external physicians, questionnaires mailed to and returned by patients and/or their families, and the Social Security Death Index. Data were expressed as number (percentage) or mean �� SD. Comparison of categorical variables among groups was done using the Pearson's chi-square or the Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. Comparison of continuous variables was done using the two-sample t-test. Logistic regression models were used to assess the independent variables associated with a history of PPEE. Early operative mortality was defined as death occurring within 30 days of operation or at any time during the index hospitalization. For all analyses, statistical significance was considered as P learn more of an interatrial shunt (P = .07). Clinical evidence of cyanosis (P = .08) and clubbing (P = .06) tended to be more common in patients with a history of PPEE. An interatrial shunt was present in 28 of the 29 patients with cyanosis and in all 11 patients with clubbing. Patients with a history of PPEE were more likely to receive preoperative antiplatelet therapy (P = .03). Findings of transthoracic echocardiography are summarized in Table?2. There was a statistically significant association between E-64 PPEE and presence of an ASD (P = .004). This association was even stronger with any history of ASD (P