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Results suggest that (1) there is a direct association between increases in LDL-P and the risk of CHD events, after accounting for LDL-C levels, and (2) patients achieving an LDL-P level EPZ5676 for this study was provided by LipoScience, Inc., Raleigh, NC. Michael Grabner, PhD, Rajeshwari S. Punekar, PhD, Ralph A. Quimbo, MA, and Mark J. Cziraky, PharmD, are employees of HealthCore, Inc., an independent research organization buy LY2109761 that received funding from LipoScience, Inc., for the conduct of the study. Peter P. Toth, MD, PhD, is a member of the Speakers Bureau for Amarin, AstraZeneca, GSK, Kowa, Merck and Co; and is a Consultant/Advisory Board Member for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Atherotech, Kowa, LipoScience, and Merck and Co. Terry A. Jacobson, MD, is a Consultant/Advisory Board Member for AbbVie, Amgen, Amarin, GlaxoSmithKline, LipoScience, Merck, and Regeneron. MAPK The authors acknowledge Deborah Winegar, Ray Pourfarzib and Robert Honigberg of LipoScience Inc. for their input into the manuscript and Cheryl Jones, an employee of HealthCore, Inc., for editorial assistance in preparing the manuscript. ""Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LAL-D) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by progressive accumulation of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides in the liver, spleen and other organs [1]. Dyslipidaemia is a common finding in patients with LAL-D that has been associated with accelerated development of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and premature mortality [1], [2]?and?[3]. Progressive liver disease is another characteristic feature of LAL-D, and patients typically present with hepatomegaly, elevated transaminase levels and/or microvesicular steatosis [1]. LAL-D is an under-recognized condition, with many affected individuals receiving no diagnosis or incorrect diagnoses of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH), familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or cryptogenic cirrhosis [4], [5]?and?[6]. This review paper aims to provide recommendations to guide the timely diagnosis of LAL-D. LAL-D is a heterogeneous disease that presents along a clinical continuum, with signs and symptoms and rate of progression varying between affected individuals [1].