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For phthalates, the use of the creatinine correction approach requires knowledge of the relationship between the parent phthalate and subsequent metabolite excretion in urine. The fraction of parent which is metabolite excreted in urine (FUE) over a 24-h period, on a molar basis, has been estimated from human and animal studies; values are presented in Table 1 along with the molecular weights of the parent compound, MWparent, and the metabolite, MWmetabolite. The FUE values for metabolites of BBP are taken from a 24-person (all adults) controlled dosing study (Anderson AZD8055 chemical structure et al., 2001) and the values for DEHP and DiNP metabolites from a 20-person (all adults) controlled dosing study (Anderson et al., 2011). The FUE values for metabolites of DiBP and DBP (Koch et al., 2012) are taken from controlled dosing studies in a single volunteer. For each of these studies, volunteers were given a single oral dose, and FUEs are calculated from urine collections in the subsequent 24?h. For each phthalate with the exception of DEHP, there is a single metabolite considered Ceramidase in the estimation of daily intakes. Human metabolism studies have shown that the simple monoester metabolites of the short-chain phthalates (e.g., DnBP?��?MnBP, DiBP?��?MiBP, and BBzP?��?MBzP), are the major metabolites��in the range of 70�C85% of the oral dose is excreted as these metabolites. Hence, the 24-h fractions excreted in urine of these phthalates are high, as seen in Table 1. In contrast, the simple monoester metabolite accounts for Anti-cancer Compound Library in the database used in this evaluation. For this reason, the secondary metabolite associated with DiNP, MCOP, is used for purposes of extrapolation. For DEHP, multiple metabolites, up to four, are typically measured in exposure studies. We used all four metabolites in the extrapolations done in this analysis. Given this information and set of assumptions, along with the spot urine creatinine concentration (CrConc, expressed in mg/dL urine) and phthalate metabolite concentration in urine (PhMet, expressed in ng/mL urine), daily intake in ��g/kg-day is estimated using this formulation of the creatinine correction equation (David, 2000, Wittassek et al., 2007?and?Wittassek et al.