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Methods: The FOT was performed in 58 asthmatics and 27 controls before and after salbutamol. Respiratory resistance (Rrs) was measured at 8?Hz with a standard generator (SG), and a head generator (HG) that minimizes the upper airway artifact. The response to salbutamol was computed as change in respiratory resistance (��%Rrs) and admittance (��%Ars) that almost cancels the effect of the upper airway artifact. Results: Rrs and ��%Rrs were significantly larger in patients than controls by HG (respectively P?TRIB1 but not SG, while ��%Ars was larger in asthma than control by both (P?MK-2206 price Pediatr Pulmonol. ? 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Viral croup is a frequent disease in early childhood. Although it is usually self-limited, it may occasionally become life-threatening. Mild croup is characterized by the presence of stridor without intercostal retractions, whereas moderate-to-severe croup is accompanied by increased work of breathing. A single dose of orally administered dexamethasone (0.15�C0.6?mg/kg) is the mainstay of treatment with addition of nebulized epinephrine only in cases of moderate-to-severe croup. Nebulized budesonide (2?mg) can be given alternatively to children who do not tolerate Ibrutinib nmr oral dexamethasone. Exposure to cold air or administration of cool mist are treatment interventions for viral croup that are not supported by published evidence, but breathing heliox can potentially reduce the work of breathing related to upper airway obstruction. In summary, corticosteroids may decrease the intensity of viral croup symptoms irrespective to their severity on presentation to the emergency department. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:421�C429. ? 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ""Intermittent and mild persistent asthma are defined according to symptom frequency and spirometry and treated differently. To our knowledge, there is no study comparing airway inflammation between intermittent and mild persistent asthmatic children. Children aged 7�C16 years, referred to our pediatric allergy clinic for recurrent respiratory complaints underwent a detailed clinical history and spirometry with reversibility. None of the subjects had been using regular anti-inflammatory treatment. After a 2-week run-in period during which asthma symptoms were recorded, exhaled NO measurement, bronchial provocation test with adenosine monophosphate and methacholine and sputum induction were performed. Data of patients with intermittent and mild persistent asthma and a control group were compared. Thirty intermittent, 26 mild persistent asthmatic children, and 21 control subjects were studied.