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36, P?=?0.024, 95% confidence interval?=?1.04�C1.77 for the interaction). There was no difference within older age categories. Conclusions? There was a greater fall in prevalence in 16�C17-year-olds following an increase in age of sale than in older age groups. This provides some support to the view that raising the age of sale can, at least in some circumstances, reduce smoking prevalence in younger age groups. ""Lack of adherence to smoking cessation medication regimens is assumed to play a significant role in limiting their effectiveness. This study aimed to assess evidence for this RG-6016 cell line assumption. A systematic search was conducted, supplemented by expert consultation, of papers reporting on randomized trials and observational studies examining the association between adherence to cessation medication and the success of quit attempts. To rule out reverse causality, only studies where adherence was assessed prior to relapse were included. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and results were extracted independently by two researchers. Heterogeneity between studies precluded a pooled analysis of the data. Studies varied widely with regard to both the definition of adherence and outcome measures. The included studies only addressed adherence to nicotine replacement therapy. One study of lozenge use found that the amount of medication used between 1 and 2 weeks after the quit date predicted abstinence at 6 weeks [adjusted odds ratio (OR) for ��high�� versus ��low�� lozenge use 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI)?=?1.05�C1.50; P?ALK OR per additional mg/day?=?1.05; CI?=?1.01�C1.10). Another study found that participants using nicotine replacement therapy for at least 5 weeks were significantly more likely to self-report continuous abstinence at 6 months. The remaining two studies failed to find a significant effect of treatment duration on outcome at 1 and 2 years but had learn more very low power to detect such an effect. There is modest evidence to support the assumption that lack of adherence to nicotine replacement therapy regimens undermines effectiveness in clinical studies. Data from numerous randomized controlled trials demonstrate clearly the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) [1], bupropion [2] and varenicline [3] in promoting long-term abstinence from smoking. However, some population studies suggest that pharmacotherapy may be considerably less effective outside clinical trials [4]. One possible explanation for the finding of lower effectiveness in the ��real world�� is that many smokers fail to adhere to treatment recommendations, i.e. they tend to take inadequate doses [5, 6] or discontinue treatment early [7]. The amount of medication taken is likely to have a moderating effect on the effectiveness of drugs used to assist quit attempts.