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g., ��I have played a lot of organized football games��: mean agreement = 5; ��I have watched many football games on television��: mean agreement = 4.9). Football Officials Group Performance on the eight multiple-choice questions confirmed that the Football Official group possessed a basic knowledge of the official rules of the game (e.g., ��At what yard line is the ball snapped for an extra point kick in the NFL?��: average % correct = 100%) and knew facts pertaining to professional teams and players (e.g., ��Which of the following teams does Reggie Bush play for?��: average % correct = 100%). Overall accuracy on the multiple-choice questions was 90%. Officials demonstrated that they had considerable watching experience, and moderate playing experience based on four agreement rating questions using a 5-point Likert scale (e.g., ��I have played a lot of organized football games��: mean agreement = 3.7; ��I have watched many football games on television��: mean agreement = 5.0). Performance on the additional short answer officiating questions demonstrated that participants in the Football Official group had an average of 19.25 years of officiating experience at the college level (SD = 9.5). Sports Decision-Making Football Expertise The three-way ANOVA demonstrated a significant effect of Expertise Group on the total number of pass interference calls made by participants [F(2,48) = 10.4, p Moroxydine FIGURE ?Figure11]. Independent t-tests demonstrated that the Football Official group made significantly fewer pass interference calls (62.5 calls) than either the Football Na?ve (93.3 calls; t = 4.0, DF = 30, p 0.91). FIGURE 1 Average number of pass interference calls for each group. ?p 0.05). Paired samples t-tests of the number of pass interference calls made on right-moving versus left-moving plays demonstrated that only the Football Player Group was significantly influenced by spatial biases related to the direction of motion in events (t = -2.4, DF = 15, p = 0.03, Cohen��s d = 0.27), judging more left-moving stimuli to contain pass interference (37.4 calls) than the same stimuli moving rightward (35.2 calls).