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Overall, gambling behaviors, both normal and problematic, are associated with males, whose rates are much higher than women (e.g., [4, 13, 14]). Some studies have shown that the average age of female problem gamblers is higher than males and that females progress towards gambling disorders faster [15�C17]. This also associates with more severe psychiatric symptoms [18]. In the general population prevalence studies reveal a strong association between problem gambling and specific forms of gambling, for example, lottery, cards and bingo [19], casino table games, and electronic gaming machines [13, 20]. Overall, most people gamble recreationally, considering it a harmless form of entertainment. For some gamblers, however, this behavior JQ1 in vitro becomes problematic and pathological, with adverse consequences for the gamblers, their families, and the community, involving impairment or loss of social relationships and financial resources, work and legal difficulties, and even physical health problems and antisocial behavior [21, 22]. It is estimated that, for every individual who develops a gambling problem, from 5 to 10 additional people (i.e., friends, family, and employers) are adversely affected [1]. The individual, social, and economic costs associated with gambling behaviors are so large that gambling and its related problems have become a significant and growing public health issue [3, 17, 23, 24]. This situation requires the development and implementation see more of both new and alternative approaches to treatment targeting a much broader range of problem gamblers. IRS1 Unfortunately, only a small proportion of the individuals with gambling disorders (