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, 1998). In Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II this study, eight isozyme loci were used to assess genetic variation at eleven localities in Venezuela. Host dispersal appears to be the most significant factor for determining gene flow in A. dissimile because this tick is associated with amphibians, reptiles, and occasionally small mammals. It is important as a vector for E. ruminantium in places like sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and South America. The genus Bothriocroton includes seven tick species indigenous to Australia and nearby Pacific islands. Interestingly, endangered status has been proposed for a species from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, the echidna tick (Bothriocrotonoudemansi) ( Beati et al., 2008). Four Bothriocroton taxa parasitize reptile hosts including Bothriocrotonhydrosauri, a vector of Rickettsia honei. A study of population dynamics in B. hydrosauri used nine microsatellite loci ( Guzinski et al., 2008) to follow genetic signatures of relatedness on a large skink species (Tiliqua rugosa) in southeastern Australia. Spatial genetic structure at two hierarchical levels was observed, the first arising from sibling groups in the infrapopulations of individual lizard hosts and the second due to spatial autocorrelation of tick genotypes on hosts found in close proximity ( Guzinski et al., 2009). The authors found a genetic ��ripple effect�� explained by successful tick clutches dispersing outward from their point of origin. Selleckchem PD98059 The genus Dermacentor comprises about 30 species found in the New World, Eurasia, and Africa ( Crosbie et al., 1998). Most are three-host ticks but some species are one-host ticks (e.g., Dermacentoralbipictus and Dermacentornitens). Several Dermacentor species are important vectors of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife ( Yunker et al., 1986). Two North American species, Dermacentorandersoni and Dermacentorvariabilis, have been the focus of multiple population genetic studies ( Araya-Anchetta et al., 2013, de la Fuente et al., 2005, Dharmarajan et al., 2010b, Krakowetz et al., 2010, Lysyk and Scoles, 2008?and?Patterson et al., 2009). D.variabilis, also known as the American dog tick, is widely distributed in North America. Two major clades are known from mitochondrial 16S sequences; Clade A consists of ticks from the central and eastern Selleck Imatinib US and Canada, whereas clade B is only found in the western US (California, Idaho, and Washington) ( Krakowetz et al., 2010?and?Scoles, 2004). This species appears to have experienced a historical population expansion into southern Canada, as evidenced by an excess of rare 16S haplotypes ( Krakowetz et al., 2010). The factors influencing population structure in D. variabilis at a local scale were investigated by Dharmarajan et al. (2010b) using 8 microsatellite loci. Adult ticks were collected directly from raccoons in two habitat patches separated by