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tatarinowii) in both seasons (Table ?Table22). These results indicated that over time the pattern of oxalic acid concentration should be based on the physiological needs of different plants for growth. The lower net primary production of shrubs than trees (Zhou et al., 2014) suggests that the lower photosynthetic potential GUCY1B3 and lower N requirements of shrubs allow this ecosystem to support their growth (Pan et al., 2015). Our observations support this conclusion. Season did also influence the level of oxalic acid concentration. Oxalic acid concentrations were higher during the growing season than that during the non-growing season (Table ?Table22). In the growing season, high temperatures and precipitation would benefit plant growth and thus stimulate exudation of oxalic acid. Gefitinib research buy Simultaneously, the higher microbial activity in the growing season would also increase the exudation of oxalic acid. Additionally, the potential N mineralization rates of the two shrubs were slightly lower than those of trees during the growing season, while the oxalic acid concentration was four times higher in the rhizosphere of trees than in that of shrubs (Table ?Table22). One possible explanation for this observation may be related to the availability of P for trees growth. In this ecosystem, calcium-rich soils may compete with plants for available P (Vitousek et al., 2010). Thus, trees are constrained by P limitation in this region (Zhang et al., 2015). The relatively low P concentrations in litters when compared with soils (Pan et al., 2011) suggests that enzymatic release of P from plant litters might be more difficult to perform than from soil substrates. Oxalic acid is a major factor that enhances P availability in these ecosystems (Strom et al., 2005) because it can destabilize the molecular bridge in P-Ca compounds (Clarholm et al., 2015). To increase P supply during the growing season, learn more trees would exudate greater amounts of oxalic acid leading to increased higher amounts of available P in the rhizosphere soils of trees when compared with shrubs (Figure ?Figure44). Trees obviously exude oxalic acid to increase both N and P availability. In contrast, no significant correlation between available P and oxalic acid concentration in shrubs was found in the present study (Figure ?Figure44). Shrubs should exude relatively lower amounts of oxalic acid to support their lower growth rates when compared with trees. FIGURE 4 Soil available P of shrubs and trees in the non-growing (A) and growing (B) seasons. Different letters above error bars indicate significant differences between shrubs and trees at p