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012) [10]. In one study of 18 XDR-TB patients, 60.9% had received previous treatment under DOT strategy (P?=?0.005) [21]. Eker et?al. and Murase et?al. also reported one case with previous TB treatment under DOT [11, 20], and Shah et?al. also reported 28 and 30 patients under complete or partial DOT, respectively [9]. In other case report from Burkina Faso, patient one had DOT during the first 2 months of standard therapy, and patient two had previous diagnosis of MDR-TB and had 13 months of DOT therapy of SLID [28]. In South Africa, most XDR patients had no previous TB diagnosis, Luminespib but it may reflect lack of reporting or high chances of nosocomial transmission [10]. In another study conducted in Tugela Ferry, 69% of patients had previous TB treatment, with 56% on the past year. More than half of the patients (57%) had been hospitalized in the previous 2 years [7]. Many Fleroxacin potential factors might contribute to treatment failure, the most relevant being male gender and HIV coinfection [11]. Reported factors for treatment non-compliance among XDR-TB patients were alcoholism (10.1%), drug addiction (42%) or both (47.8%) [34]. The term pre-XDR-TB has been introduced recently, and is defined as resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid and either to a fluoroquinolone or a SLID [21]. A higher proportion of such patients were found in South Africa [26, 35]. Accordingly to Kim, 11.3% (n?=?159) had ofloxacin-resistant pre-XDR-TB, and 8.3% (n?=?117) had SLID-resistant pre-XDR-TB. A previous history of treatment with SLID was more common in patients with XDR-TB (35.6%) and ofloxacin-resistant pre-XDR-TB (32%), P?RO4929097 research buy At least two previous TB treatments were more common in patients with XDR-TB (47.7%), ofloxacin-resistant pre-XDR-TB (38.4%) and SLID-resistant pre-XDR-TB (27%) than in other forms of MDR-TB (24.9%), P?